Ecco la lista completa dei comandi, delle funzioni e delle variabili riservate del Basic V2 del Commodore 64, con una semplice spiegazione ed un esempio di utilizzo.
Questo è un semplice compendio per ricordare tutti i comandi, le istruzioni e le funzioni, quando già si sa come utilizzarli! Il Basic V2 del Commodore 64 ha molte meno istruzioni rispetto al Basic V3.5 del Commodore 16, 116, Plus/4 e rispetto al Basic V7 del Commodore 128.
| Instruction | Description | Type | |||||||
| ABS | Returns the absolute value of a number | Function, numerical | |||||||
| PRINT ABS(-5) | |||||||||
| AND | Returns true if both conditions are true | Operator, logical | |||||||
| A=5: B=10 IF A=5 AND B=10 THEN PRINT "OK" | |||||||||
| ASC | Returns the numerical value of a char | Function, numerical | |||||||
| PRINT ASC("A") | |||||||||
| ATN | Returns the arctangent of a number | Function, numerical | |||||||
| PRINT ATN(1) | |||||||||
| CHR$ | Returns the character corresponding to the number | Function, string | |||||||
| PRINT CHR$(65) | |||||||||
| CLOSE | Closes a file | Instruction/command | |||||||
| 10 OPEN 1,8,2,"FILE" 20 PRINT#1,"AMEDEO" 30 CLOSE 1 | |||||||||
| CLR | Delete variables arrays, data, … | Instruction/command | |||||||
| A=10 CLR PRINT A | |||||||||
| CMD | Changes the data output to other peripheral | Instruction/command | |||||||
| CMD 4 | |||||||||
| CONT | Resumes execution of a BASIC program | Command | |||||||
| 10 PRINT "1" 20 END 30 PRINT "2" RUN CONT | |||||||||
| COS | Returns the cosine of an angle (rad) | Function, numerical | |||||||
| PRINT COS(0) | |||||||||
| DATA | Stores constant information in the program code | Instruction/command | |||||||
| 10 DATA 5,10,15 20 READ A,B,C 30 PRINT A,B,C | |||||||||
| DEF FN | Defines a user-defined function | Instruction | |||||||
| 10 DEF FNS(X)=X*2 20 PRINT FNS(4) | |||||||||
| DIM | Allocates space in array memory for a new array | Instruction/command | |||||||
| 10 DIM A(5) 20 A(1)=42: A(2)=36 30 PRINT A(1) | |||||||||
| END | Ends the processing of the current program | Instruction/command | |||||||
| 10 PRINT "1" 20 END 30 PRINT "2" | |||||||||
| EXP | "e" with the power given by the argument | Function, numerical | |||||||
| PRINT EXP(1) | |||||||||
| FN | Executes a function defined by DEF FN | Function, numerical, special | |||||||
| |||||||||
| 10 DEF FNA(X)=X+1 20 PRINT FNA(5) | |||||||||
| FOR | Program loop start (FOR … TO … STEP … NEXT) | Instruction/command | |||||||
| 10 FOR I=1 TO 8 STEP 3 20 PRINT I 30 NEXT I | |||||||||
| FRE | Returns the number of unused bytes of BASIC RAM | Function, numerical, special | |||||||
| PRINT FRE(0) | |||||||||
| GET | Reads one or more chars from the keyboard | Instruction | |||||||
| 10 GET A$: IF A$="" GOTO 10 20 PRINT A$ | |||||||||
| GET# | Reads single characters from the specified device | Instruction/command, special | |||||||
| 10 OPEN 1,8,2,"FILE" 20 GET#1,A$ 30 PRINT A$ 40 CLOSE 1 | |||||||||
| GO TO | Jumps to a line number | Instruction/command | |||||||
| 10 GO TO 100 20 PRINT "1" 100 PRINT "2" | |||||||||
| GOSUB | Jumps to a subroutine … RETURN | Instruction/command | |||||||
| 10 GOSUB 100 20 END 100 PRINT "SUBROUTINE" 110 RETURN | |||||||||
| GOTO | Jumps to a line number | Instruction/command | |||||||
| 10 GOTO 100 20 PRINT "1" 100 PRINT "2" | |||||||||
| IF | Tests a condition IF … THEN or IF … GOTO | Instruction/command | |||||||
| |||||||||
| 10 A=5 20 IF A=2 THEN PRINT "2!!!" 30 IF A=5 THEN PRINT "A = 5!!!" | |||||||||
| INPUT | Reads data from the keyboard | Instruction | |||||||
| 10 INPUT "WHAT IS YOUR NAME";A$ 20 PRINT A$ | |||||||||
| INPUT# | Reads data from a file stored on peripheral device | Instruction | |||||||
| 10 OPEN 1,8,2,"FILE" 20 INPUT#1,A$ 30 PRINT A$ 40 CLOSE 1 | |||||||||
| INT | Rounds a number | Function, numerical | |||||||
| PRINT INT(5.7) | |||||||||
| LEFT$ | Left chars of a string | Function, string | |||||||
| 10 A$="AMEDEO" 20 PRINT LEFT$(A$,3) | |||||||||
| LEN | Returns the number of characters in a string | Function, numerical | |||||||
| PRINT LEN("TEST") | |||||||||
| LET | Assigns values in a variable | Instruction/command | |||||||
| LET A=10 PRINT A | |||||||||
| LIST | Displays the BASIC program in memory | Instruction/command | |||||||
| 10 PRINT "HELLO" 20 GOTO 10 LIST | |||||||||
| LOAD | Loads a program | Instruction/command | |||||||
| LOAD"PROGRAM",8 | |||||||||
| LOG | Natural logarithm with the basis e | Function, numerical | |||||||
| PRINT LOG(10) | |||||||||
| MID$ | Inner chars of a string | Function, string | |||||||
| 10 A$="HELLO" 20 PRINT MID$(A$,2,3) | |||||||||
| NEW | Clears RAM and program | Instruction/command | |||||||
| NEW | |||||||||
| NEXT | Program loop end (FOR … TO … STEP … NEXT) | Instruction/command | |||||||
| 10 FOR I=1 TO 5 20 PRINT I 30 NEXT I | |||||||||
| NOT | Reverses true to false | Operator, logical | |||||||
| PRINT NOT 0 | |||||||||
| ON | Contruct ON … GOTO, ON … GOSUB | Instruction/command | |||||||
| 10 X=2 20 ON X GOTO 100,200,300 30 END 100 PRINT "1": END 200 PRINT "2": END 300 PRINT "3": END | |||||||||
| OPEN | Opens a file or a channel | Instruction/command | |||||||
| 10 OPEN 1,8,2,"FILE" 20 PRINT#1,"AMEDEO" 30 CLOSE 1 | |||||||||
| OR | Returns true if one or both conditions are true | Operator, logical | |||||||
| A=0: B=10 IF A=5 OR B=10 THEN PRINT "OK" | |||||||||
| PEEK | Returns the memory content | Function, numerical | |||||||
| PRINT PEEK(53280) | |||||||||
| POKE | Changes the content of any memory address | Instruction/command | |||||||
| POKE 53280,0 | |||||||||
| POS | Determines the actual position of the cursor | Function, numerical, special | |||||||
| PRINT " ";POS(0) | |||||||||
| Prints data to the current output device | Instruction/command | ||||||||
| PRINT "AMEDEO" | |||||||||
| PRINT# | Stores data in a file | Instruction/command | |||||||
| 10 OPEN 1,8,2,"FILE" 20 PRINT#1,"AMEDEO" 30 CLOSE 1 | |||||||||
| READ | Reads constant values from DATA | Instruction | |||||||
| 10 DATA 42, 100, 232 20 READ A 30 PRINT A | |||||||||
| REM | Comments | Instruction/command | |||||||
| REM THIS IS A COMMENT | |||||||||
| RESTORE | Clears the pointer of the next data value | Instruction/command | |||||||
| 10 DATA 5,10,15 20 READ A,B 30 PRINT A,B 40 RESTORE 50 READ A,B 60 PRINT A,B | |||||||||
| RETURN | Finishes a subroutine: GOSUB … RETURN | Instruction/command | |||||||
| 10 GOSUB 100 20 PRINT "1" 30 END 100 PRINT "2" 110 RETURN | |||||||||
| RIGHT$ | Right chars of a string | Function, string | |||||||
| 10 A$="HELLO" 20 PRINT RIGHT$(A$,2) | |||||||||
| RND | Generates a random floating point number | Function, numerical | |||||||
| PRINT RND(1) | |||||||||
| RUN | Starts a program | Instruction/command | |||||||
| RUN | |||||||||
| SAVE | Saves a program | Instruction/command | |||||||
| SAVE"PROGRAM",8 | |||||||||
| SGN | Returns the sign of a number (-1, 0, 1) | Function, numerical | |||||||
| PRINT SGN(-5) | |||||||||
| SIN | Returns the sine of an angle (rad) | Function, numerical | |||||||
| PRINT SIN(0) | |||||||||
| SPC( | Sets a number of spaces | Function, PRINT (Carry = 0!) | |||||||
| PRINT SPC(5);"HELLO" | |||||||||
| SQR | Calculates square root of a number | Function, numerical | |||||||
| PRINT SQR(9) | |||||||||
| ST | Gets I/O status byte | Reserved variable | |||||||
| PRINT ST | |||||||||
| STEP | Program loop increment/decrement (FOR … TO … STEP … NEXT) | Instruction/command, special | |||||||
| 10 FOR I=1 TO 8 STEP 3 20 PRINT I 30 NEXT I | |||||||||
| STOP | Breaks a program | Instruction/command | |||||||
| STOP | |||||||||
| STR$ | Converts numerical values or variables into a string | Function, string | |||||||
| PRINT STR$(123) | |||||||||
| SYS | Calls an assembly language subroutine | Instruction/command | |||||||
| SYS 64738 | |||||||||
| TAB( | Sets the cursor column | Function, PRINT (Carry = 1!) | |||||||
| PRINT TAB(10);"HELLO" | |||||||||
| TAN | Returns the tangent for a given angle (rad) | Function, numerical | |||||||
|
| |||||||||
| PRINT TAN(1) | |||||||||
| THEN | Tests a condition IF … THEN | Instruction/command, special | |||||||
| 10 A$="H" 20 IF A$="H" THEN PRINT "OK!" 30 IF A$<>"H" THEN PRINT "NO!" | |||||||||
| TI | Gets the system time (seconds/60) | Reserved variable | |||||||
| PRINT TI | |||||||||
| TI$ | Gets or Sets the system time (HHMMSS) | Reserved variable | |||||||
| PRINT TI$ | |||||||||
| TO | Program loop target (FOR … TO … STEP … NEXT) | Instruction/command, special | |||||||
| 10 FOR I=1 TO 5 20 PRINT I 30 NEXT | |||||||||
| USR | Calls an assembly language subroutine with argument | Function, numerical/string | |||||||
| 10 POKE 785,254: POKE 786,186 20 PRINT USR(85): REM DIVIDE BY 10 | |||||||||
| VAL | Returns the numerical value of a string | Function, numerical | |||||||
| PRINT VAL("123") | |||||||||
| VERIFY | Verifies a saved program | Instruction/command | |||||||
| VERIFY"PROGRAM",8 | |||||||||
| WAIT | Waits for a memory location to assume specific values | Instruction/command | |||||||
| 10 POKE 198,0 20 WAIT 198,1 30 PRINT "KEY PRESSED" | |||||||||
| + | Sum | Operator, numerical/string | |||||||
| PRINT 5+3 | |||||||||
| - | Subtraction | Operator, numerical | |||||||
| PRINT 5-3 | |||||||||
| * | Multiplication | Operator, numerical | |||||||
| PRINT 5*3 | |||||||||
| / | Division | Operator, numerical | |||||||
| PRINT 6/3 | |||||||||
| ^ | Exponent | Operator, numerical | |||||||
| PRINT 2^3 | |||||||||
| > | Greater | Operator, logical | |||||||
| IF A>5 THEN PRINT "GREATER" | |||||||||
| = | Equal | Operator, logical | |||||||
| IF A=5 THEN PRINT "EQUAL" | |||||||||
| < | Less | Operator, logical | |||||||
| IF A<5 THEN PRINT "LESS" | |||||||||
| π (pi) | 3.1415926… | Function, numerical, special | |||||||
| PRINT "PRINT " + CHR$(222) π MUST BE GENERATED BY CHR$(222) | |||||||||
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Where is STATUS (short ST) command?
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Ammetto che è molto interessante e mi piacerebbe scrivere un progetto da zero con il tuo aiuto più che altro perché sono completamente digiuno di qualsivoglia tipo di programmazione. I tuoi corsi sono interessanti ma spesso mi lasciano dei vuoti che stento a colmare. Da qualche giorno sto provando a scrivere un gioco ma senza successo e mi piacerebbe avere il tuo aiuto o qualche dritta.
Intanto ti ringrazio per tutto il tuo prezioso lascito
Imparare la programmazione non è facile, soprattutto all'inizio. Poi, quando si capisce la logica che c'è alla base, tutto diventa più semplice. Purtroppo, per mancanza di tempo, non riesco a seguire progetti individuali. Ti consiglio di partire da listati già esistenti online, andando poi a modificare qualcosa, giusto per capire come si interviene sul listato. Solo in un secondo tempo potresti partire da un nuovo progetto.